High residual sodium carbonate water in the Indian Subcontinent: Concerns, challenges, and remediation

Murtaza, Ghulam, Zia-ur-Rehman, Muhammad, Qadir, Manzoor, Shehzad, Muhammad Tahir, Ahmad, Haamad Raza, Farooqi, Zia Rehman and Naidu, Rajopaul, (2021). High residual sodium carbonate water in the Indian Subcontinent: Concerns, challenges, and remediation. International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology, 18 3257-3272

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  • Sub-type Journal article
    Author Murtaza, Ghulam
    Zia-ur-Rehman, Muhammad
    Qadir, Manzoor
    Shehzad, Muhammad Tahir
    Ahmad, Haamad Raza
    Farooqi, Zia Rehman
    Naidu, Rajopaul
    Title High residual sodium carbonate water in the Indian Subcontinent: Concerns, challenges, and remediation
    Appearing in International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology
    Volume 18
    Publication Date 2021-03-23
    Place of Publication London
    Publisher Springer Nature Switzerland AG
    Start page 3257
    End page 3272
    Language eng
    Abstract Water scarcity has become one of the major limiting factors in global agriculture, particularly in the arid and semi-arid regions of the world. This necessitates irrigation with marginal-quality waters including those with high levels of residual sodium carbonate (RSC) and an important water quality parameter. Extended use of high RSC water leads to accumulate sodium in the soil which alters physical and chemical properties of soils. The electrical conductivity is a good index of salinity while sodium adsorption ratio (SAR) that of sodicity hazard of irrigation water. It has been found that waters with high RSC values are more hazardous compared to no RSC water of equal SAR. Sustainable agriculture on these soils demands to adopt certain site-specific management strategies prior to use such low-quality waters for the economic production of crops. Strategies like dilution with low salt water and addition of calcium-based amendments, along with organic manures have been traditionally practiced and giving some promising results. It is well documented that for improving plant growth, irrigation to achieve low leaching fraction is necessary for the purpose of reducing the transport of solutes that are responsible for the degradation of water quality and provides an efficient use of limited water supplies. In addition, implementations of government policies and public–private sector collaborations are necessary to find new horizons for the management of high RSC irrigation waters in arid and semi-arid regions of the world. This article provides an overview of soil permeability problems associated with the irrigation using high RSC waters.
    Copyright Holder Springer Nature Switzerland AG
    Copyright Year 2021
    Copyright type All rights reserved
    DOI 10.1007/s13762-020-03066-4
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    Created: Fri, 05 Nov 2021, 09:52:28 JST by Anderson, Kelsey on behalf of UNU INWEH