Country-level and gridded estimates of wastewater production, collection, treatment and reuse

Jones, Edward, van Vliet, Michelle T.H., Qadir, Manzoor and Bierkans, Mark F.P., (2021). Country-level and gridded estimates of wastewater production, collection, treatment and reuse. Earth System Science Data, 13 237-254

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  • Sub-type Journal article
    Author Jones, Edward
    van Vliet, Michelle T.H.
    Qadir, Manzoor
    Bierkans, Mark F.P.
    Title Country-level and gridded estimates of wastewater production, collection, treatment and reuse
    Appearing in Earth System Science Data
    Volume 13
    Publication Date 2021-02-08
    Place of Publication Göttingen
    Publisher Copernicus publications
    Start page 237
    End page 254
    Language eng
    Abstract Continually improving and affordable wastewater management provides opportunities for both pollution reduction and clean water supply augmentation, while simultaneously promoting sustainable development and supporting the transition to a circular economy. This study aims to provide the first comprehensive and consistent global outlook on the state of domestic and manufacturing wastewater production, collection, treatment and reuse. We use a data-driven approach, collating, cross-examining and standardising country-level wastewater data from online data resources. Where unavailable, data are estimated using multiple linear regression. Country-level wastewater data are subsequently downscaled and validated at 5 arcmin (∼10 km) resolution. This study estimates global wastewater production at 359.4×109 m3 yr−1, of which 63 % (225.6×109 m3 yr−1) is collected and 52 % (188.1×109 m3 yr−1) is treated. By extension, we estimate that 48 % of global wastewater production is released to the environment untreated, which is substantially lower than previous estimates of ∼80 %. An estimated 40.7×109 m3 yr−1 of treated wastewater is intentionally reused. Substantial differences in per capita wastewater production, collection and treatment are observed across different geographic regions and by level of economic development. For example, just over 16 % of the global population in high-income countries produces 41 % of global wastewater. Treated-wastewater reuse is particularly substantial in the Middle East and North Africa (15 %) and western Europe (16 %), while comprising just 5.8 % and 5.7 % of the global population, respectively. Our database serves as a reference for understanding the global wastewater status and for identifying hotspots where untreated wastewater is released to the environment, which are found particularly in South and Southeast Asia. Importantly, our results also serve as a baseline for evaluating progress towards many policy goals that are both directly and indirectly connected to wastewater management
    Copyright Holder The Authors
    Copyright Year 2021
    Copyright type Creative commons
    DOI 10.5194/essd-13-237-2021
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    Created: Fri, 05 Nov 2021, 10:45:25 JST by Anderson, Kelsey on behalf of UNU INWEH